Data-driven decision-making is at the core of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Technology advancements continue to shape how behavior analysts and other ABA professionals approach client care. Traditional pen-and-paper documentation is steadily giving way to innovative digital solutions. Using technology for data collection improves accuracy and efficiency and allows behavior analysts to more rapidly make data-driven decisions to improve client outcomes.
Importance of Data Collection for Children with Autism
The vast majority of ABA clinicians, over 70%, work within the autism population (BACB). Each child is unique and requires individualized, data-driven care. As such, ABA clinicians know the importance of accurate and efficient data collection for driving the best possible outcomes. Data enables behavior analysts to develop tailored interventions based on a client’s needs, track progress, analyze trends, and make data-informed modifications about their progress on an ongoing basis. Data is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of interventions and ensuring clients progress toward their long-term goals.
How to Improve Data Collection with Technology
While many options exist for collecting ABA data, technology-based methods have emerged during the current digital age. Utilizing technology for data collection comes with many advantages. By using a data collection software that is tailored to the unique needs of ABA professionals, organizations can improve client and staff outcomes, resulting in improved quality of life for clients and higher job satisfaction for staff.
ABA organizations can improve their data collection methods by adopting digital-based data solutions. Some of the benefits of transitioning to a technology-based data collection method include:
Reduced chances of human error– Improved accuracy is one of the primary benefits of digital data. When using paper data, technicians may be unable to immediately enter data, resulting in data entry several minutes after the observation, reducing accuracy. Digital data collection allows staff to seamlessly enter data in real-time, which reduces the chances of staff forgetting the correct information and thus entering inaccurate data. Entering data only once, rather than transferring paper data to another system, also reduces the likelihood of human error.
Increased efficiency– Digital data platforms allow technicians to enter data immediately upon observation, saving time and allowing technicians to focus more of their attention directly on their clients rather than being bogged down with paperwork. Digital data also makes session note writing effortless, allowing technicians to end each session with a well-written, concise note.
Streamlined data analysis– With real-time data submitted electronically, behavior analysts can readily analyze data, allowing them to make well-informed, data-driven treatment decisions. This all leads to more effective and individualized interventions.
Enhanced security and privacy– Digital ABA data also enhances the security and privacy of client data when using a HIPAA-compliant platform. All client data and session notes are housed in one secure location rather than on numerous data sheets that can be lost or misplaced.
Ease of use– In a fast-paced therapy session, carrying around a clunky clipboard or binder and scrambling through data sheets can be a challenge. Using a phone, tablet, or other compatible device, a technician can efficiently move about the session and seamlessly enter data as the session progresses without missing anything. Whether chasing clients around their homes or working out in the community, digital data makes this much more manageable.
Increased compliance– Maintaining records in one secure location increases compliance with laws, funding requirements, and regulatory bodies.
Why Are Some ABA Professionals Still Using Paper?
Despite the countless benefits of technology-driven data collection, some ABA clinicians still cling to paper-based and other disintegrated methods. This reluctance to transition to digital data collection often stems from a pre-existing comfort with using one’s current system. While paper data collection is less efficient and comes with other challenges, such as increased proneness to error and risk of non-compliance, change can be difficult to accept. Some behavior analysts may continue to use paper data because they feel it has worked well enough for them thus far. Likely, many are simply unaware of the available ABA data collection solutions and their benefits.
Other reasons ABA professionals may avoid adapting to digital data collection may be concerns regarding technology complexity, a lack of time to learn new methods, and the costs associated with digital platforms.
At Raven Health, we recognize the concerns many ABA clinicians have with transitioning to digital data collection. As such, we are committed to making the switch as seamless as possible.
Raven Health’s Mission to Equip the ABA Industry
Raven Health enables behavior analysts to harness the power of data collection effectively. With innovative software tailored for ABA, clinicians can improve client outcomes while improving staff satisfaction.
Schedule a demo today to see our platform in action and learn more about how we’re improving care through technology.
ReferencesCooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2019). Applied Behavior Analysis (3rd Edition). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education.
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a data-driven science. Data collection and analysis are at the heart of what ABA practitioners do. Each learner has unique behaviors and environmental variables that can impact data collection needs. There is no one-size-fits-all approach in ABA. In this blog, we will dive into the intricacies of the various ABA data methods.
What is Data Collection in ABA?
ABA data collection is a systematic process of gathering information about a learner’s behavior, their environment, and the circumstances surrounding their behavior. This data is crucial for behavior analysts to understand the learner’s behaviors and current skills, inform interventions that best meet the learner’s unique needs, and monitor progress to ensure ongoing success.
Types of ABA Data Collection Methods
There are several different ABA data collection methods. Each method has its’ own benefits depending on the goal, learner needs, environmental factors and barriers, and the resources available to the behavior analyst.
Methods for collecting quantifiable behavior data are divided into two categories: continuous and discontinuous. Continuous data consists of measures like latency, count, rate, interesponse time, and duration. These methods involve tracking each occurrence of the target behavior. Conversely, discontinuous data consists of measures such as whole and partial interval recording and time sampling. Discontinuous data involves recording some, but not all, occurrences of a target behavior. Continuous measurement is more accurate and concise. However, discontinuous measurement is often better when time constraints and other environmental barriers are at play.
Overview of the Most Common ABA Data Collection Methods
1. Latency Recording
Latency is a measurement of the time between the presentation of a stimulus (e.g., a demand) and the onset of the behavior. For example, if you instruct your student to go get their backpack and they get up two minutes later to get it, the latency is two minutes. Latency recording is beneficial for monitoring delayed responses.
2. Event Recording (Count and Rate)
Event recording is one of the most common data collection methods in ABA for tracking target behaviors and skills. Event recording measures the number of times a particular behavior occurs. The count is an overall tally of the behavior. For example, recording your client manded (requested) 12 times. The rate measures the number of times the behavior occurs across a specified period of time. For example, if your client mands 12 times in a 2-hour session, the rate would be 6x/hour.
3. Duration Recording
Duration recording is your best option when you’re interested in knowing how long a particular behavior lasts. Duration involves recording the total time from the start of a behavior until the behavior ceases. Recording duration is best for behaviors that have a discrete beginning and ending.
4. Interresponse Time
Interresponse time consists of recording the amount of time from the end of one response to the beginning of the next. For example, if your client spits, then 14 minutes later, they spit again, then the interresponse time between the two occurrences of spitting was 14 minutes.
5. Whole Interval Recording
Whole interval recording is a discontinuous measurement procedure. In this method, the observation period is divided into intervals of time. During each interval, if the client engages in the target behavior for the full duration, the interval is marked with a +, ✓, or yes. If the client does not engage in the target behavior for the entire interval, it is marked as a -, X, or no.
6. Partial Interval Recording
Partial interval recording is another discontinuous measurement procedure. Again, start by breaking the observation into intervals. Record a +, ✓, or yes for each interval that the client engaged in the target behavior at all during the interval.
7. Time Sampling
Another discontinuous measurement procedure is time sampling or momentary time sampling. In this method, the session is divided into intervals. At the end of each interval, the observer records whether or not the behavior is occurring at that time. Partial and whole interval recording and time sampling are often used in schools and other situations when continuously observing and recording each occurrence of a target behavior is not feasible.
8. Trial-By-Trial/Per Opportunity Recording
Trial-by-trial or per-opportunity recording is commonly used for skill acquisition data. This method consists of recording the total number of times the learner engaged in the target behavior or demonstrated the target skill out of the total number of opportunities. For example, imagine you’re teaching your client to respond to the question, “What’s your name?” You ask them this question five times throughout the session. Two of the times you target this skill, they answer correctly. Thus, the per opportunity data would be 2/5 or 40% accuracy.
9. Rating Scale Data
Rating scales are used to assess and monitor behavior on a continuum. This type of data measurement is more subjective than the others. However, they can be beneficial in certain circumstances. Rating scales can be used when teaching a learner to self-monitor and evaluate their own behavior. Rating scales can also be used to assess the magnitude or intensity of a behavior, such as the intensity of aggression or the magnitude of a learner’s voice volume.
10. Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) Data
ABC data comprises recording the antecedent (the event that occurred directly before the behavior), the target behavior, and the consequence (the event that occurred directly after the behavior). ABC data is crucial for behavior analysts to better understand the variables surrounding their learner’s behavior. By analyzing ABC data, behavior analysts can identify the potential function(s) of the behavior by looking at trends in the antecedents and consequences.
11. Scatterplot Analysis
A scatterplot analysis is another method for analyzing target behaviors. Scatterplot data helps behavior analysts visualize the relationship between different variables, such as the time of day and the target behavior. This is beneficial for identifying patterns in the learner’s behavior.
Raven Health’s ABA software makes data collection seamless for behavior technicians and behavior analysts. With a user-friendly interface, ABA professionals can utilize a wide range of data collection methods that address the unique needs of the learner. Book a demo to learn more about the data tracking and analysis tools available with Raven Health.
Choosing the Best ABA Data Collection Method
The method of ABA data collection you use depends on many factors. Consider the following questions when determining the best method to use.
Are you tracking behaviors targeted for reduction or skill acquisition?
Are you seeking to identify variables related to the target behavior or quantifiable data, such as how often the behavior occurs?
Can you count the number of times the behavior occurs or how long the behavior occurs?
What resources are available?
Are there barriers or time constraints to data recording?
Which data method would best support the learner in meeting their individualized goals?
Which method allows the ABA professional to maximize time spent with the learner?
Raven Health’s Mission to Equip the ABA Industry
Raven Health enables behavior analysts to harness the power of data collection effectively. With innovative software tailored for ABA, clinicians can improve client outcomes while improving staff satisfaction.
Schedule a demo today to see our platform in action and learn more about how we’re improving care through technology.
ReferencesCooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2019). Applied Behavior Analysis (3rd Edition). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education.
Board-certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) play a vital role in creating and implementing applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy programs, supporting the growth and development of their learners. However, BCBAs and other ABA professionals are known to experience high levels of burnout. Burnout encompasses the physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion resulting from ongoing workplace stress. This phenomenon has significant implications for the ABA field.
Burnout is a pervasive issue that affects individuals across various domains of life, from the workplace to academia and personal life. Finding effective strategies to rejuvenate and restore balance becomes crucial when faced with burnout. This article explores the intersection of burnout and ABA.
What are the symptoms of burnout in ABA providers?
With the unprecedented cultural phenomenon of COVID-19 and the added stresses that came along with this, the rate of burnout in the ABA industry has reached an all-time high.
Unfortunately, this is not surprising, given the nature of the work. Social work, healthcare, and other “helping fields” have been known to have a higher-than-average burnout rate.
Before we can consider strategies for beating and avoiding burnout, we must first be able to identify the symptoms of it in ourselves and our supervisees. Burnout can manifest in different ways for everyone. However, there are many common signs. So, what does burnout in ABA look like?
You may be experiencing burnout if you identify with more than a few of the following:
● Consistently calling in or arriving late
● Constantly feeling overwhelmed at work
● Reduced motivation and enthusiasm for work
● Having a difficult time focusing or getting work done without procrastinating
● Feeling like your job does not matter or you are not effective (i.e., imposter syndrome)
● Frequently getting frustrated with coworkers, clients, or organizational processes
● Feeling emotionally and physically drained
● Increased irritability or other unpleasant emotions, such as sadness or hopelessness
● Physical symptoms, such as headaches or chronic stomachaches
● Insomnia or sleeping more than usual
What are the Factors that Contribute to BCBA Burnout?
Burnout is a complicated and multifaceted experience. While additional stressors that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated feelings of burnout in ABA professionals, burnout is not new to this field. BCBAs tend to experience burnout due to a combination of factors related to their work responsibilities and personal lives.
burnout due to a combination of factors related to their work responsibilities and personal lives.
Some of the primary factors that contribute to burnout in the ABA industry include:
A heavy workload–BCBAs tend to wear multiple hats, balancing heavy caseloads and endless administrative duties. Long working hours and a constant balancing of expectations can create burnout. As the demand for behavior analysts continues to rise, some ABA organizations take on more clients than they can handle. This can result in assigning large caseloads or requiring staff to work with clients whose needs are beyond their scope of competence.
A lack of resources and support–When a heavy workload is a factor of burnout, it is often paired with a lack of resources and support. Poor training or insufficient or inadequate ongoing guidance is one contributing factor. In addition to a lack of support, a lack of resources, such as streamlined data technology, scheduling, and billing resources, can make a BCBA’s job significantly more challenging, enhancing feelings of burnout.
Unrealistic work demands–Going hand-in-hand with a heavy workload, unrealistic work demands can make a behavior analyst feel ineffective, resulting in imposter syndrome. Most BCBAs go into this line of work to help others. Feeling ineffective due to unrealistic demands and heavy caseloads can be incredibly defeating.
Emotionally taxing work–Those working in helping professions tend to experience higher rates of burnout due to the emotionally taxing work that they do. Supporting individuals with intense behavioral needs and working through complex family dynamics can create emotional exhaustion in BCBAs.
Workplace conflict–ABA therapy settings with high levels of conflict can increase the likelihood of burnout. Conflict may arise with clients and caregivers as a BCBA navigates sensitive situations. Conflict may also arise with coworkers, supervisees, or supervisors. Research has found that conflict in the workplace is less likely to result in burnout when one has access to supportive co-workers or supervisors (Leiter & Maslach, 1998).
What Can Be Done to Beat BCBA Burnout?
Beating BCBA burnout requires a combination of organizational support and individual self-care strategies. The following list outlines several antecedent strategies organizations can employ that may reduce the likelihood of burnout in ABA practitioners.
Implement streamlined data collection practices:
Paper and pen data systems can create unnecessary busy work for behavior analysts, making their jobs more complex and taking vital time away from client care. As such, organizations can support their staff by utilizing electronic data collection that allows for seamless data collection, analysis of data, and report writing integration.
Enhance Training Procedures:
Improving your training and onboarding procedures is another strategy for reducing burnout.
Organizations should regularly seek the feedback of their employees regarding training practices and enhance training protocols to meet the evolving needs of their teams.
The onboarding process is essential for ensuring new staff adapt to the organization’s procedures and are well-prepared for their new role.
However, training does not end after onboarding. Ongoing training and professional development should be a key focus for maintaining high-quality work and reducing the likelihood of BCBA burnout.
Think outside the box.
Consider pieces of training and resources for stress management, self-care, and burnout prevention, in addition to clinical training.
Supervision and Support: Ensure your BCBAs have access to regular supervision and support. Providing case support and organizational tools can help your BCBAs avoid overextending themselves, resulting in a lower likelihood of burnout. Find a healthy balance in supporting your team without micromanaging them.
Invest in technology and tools that make it easier for your BCBAs to do their job well–From practice management and data collection technologies to assessments and stimuli. Again, seek feedback from your team on what resources are the most essential for them.
Offer recognition and appreciation:
Don’t forget to acknowledge the hard work and dedication of your employees. As any ABA professional knows, positive reinforcement can make a significant impact on morale and work-related behaviors.
Raven Health offers ABA organizations a comprehensive solution to many of the factors that impact BCBA burnout. With a mobile platform, streamlined scheduling, and secure data collection, we aim to make the job of ABA professionals more enjoyable and less likely to evoke burnout. Allow your team to focus on enhanced client care by providing them with software that streamlines multiple aspects of their role.
Working as a behavior analyst can be both tremendously rewarding and emotionally draining.
Compassion fatigue, the experience of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that results from helping others, is quite common in ABA clinicians. This can be a cause of and further exacerbate feelings of burnout.
Establishing a healthy work-life balance is crucial to reduce the impact of compassion fatigue and minimize the likelihood of burnout. Consider the following recommendations for maintaining a work-life balance and avoiding burnout.
Set boundaries: Establish clear boundaries regarding your work and personal life.
For example, set specified working hours and avoid taking on tasks outside of work hours, including phone calls and emails.
Communicate these boundaries with your employer, staff, and clients at the start of a new role, and continue to communicate new boundaries as they arise.
Advocate for support: When feeling overwhelmed, communicate a need for support before you reach the point of burnout.
Pay attention to precursor signs that may indicate you’re reaching your limit.
Advocate for assistance with workload management, additional supervision, organizational tools, or whatever else would make your job easier and more manageable.
Take breaks:
Constantly working can quickly bring on physical and emotional exhaustion, resulting in burnout.
Take time off to refresh and rejuvenate, whether a week-long vacation or a long weekend lazying around the home. Even short breaks during your workday can help you recharge.
Make self-care a priority: Prioritize self-care to reduce the impact that job-related stressors have on you. Incorporate relaxation techniques, exercise, mindfulness, and hobbies into your routines. Be sure to allocate time in your daily schedule for activities that bring you joy and reduce stress.
Reflect and adjust: Achieving and maintaining a work-life balance is an ongoing process. It’s easy to get into a rut as you go about your weekly routines, and before you know it, you’ve lost sight of your priorities.
Periodically evaluate your work-life balance and make modifications as necessary. Be flexible, as life can be unpredictable. However, be sure you are continuing to prioritize your personal needs and advocating for yourself.
Raven Health’s Mission to Equip the ABA Industry
At Raven Health, we are passionate about improving outcomes for both clients and ABA professionals.
To achieve the best possible outcomes for clients, the well-being of BCBAs and other ABA clinicians must be a top priority. We take this need seriously, tailoring our solutions to match the current and evolving needs of the ABA industry.
Raven Health is equipping the ABA industry with technology that actually makes client sessions easier. Improve your team’s job satisfaction and reduce BCBA burnout with our seamless and intuitive ABA data collection platform.
If you find this information helpful, please share it with another BCBA.
References
Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 63–74.
Morse, G., Salyers, M. P., Rollins, A. L., Monroe-DeVita, M., & Pfahler, C. (2012). Burnout in mental health services: a review of the problem and its remediation. Administration and policy in mental health, 39(5), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0352-1
Novack, M. & Dixon, D. (2019). Predictors of burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover in behavior technicians working with individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Rev J Autism Dev Disord6, 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00171-0
Plantiveau, C., Dounavi, K., & Virués-Ortega, J. (2018) High levels of burnout among early-career board-certified behavior analysts with low collegial support in the work environment. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 19:2, 195-207, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2018.1438339
Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. CRC press.
Slowiak, J. M., & DeLongchamp, A. C. (2022). Self-care strategies and job-crafting practices among behavior analysts: Do they predict perceptions of work–life balance, work engagement, and burnout? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15(2), 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00570-y
WebMD. (n.d.). Compassion fatigue: Symptoms to look for. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-compassion-fatigue
It has been an exciting year on the road for Raven Health. Our team has traveled to over 25 live events across the United States, many of these applied behavior analysis conferences were hosted by our friends at BehaviorLive.
During the summer, Raven Health was a proud sponsor of the Women in Behavior Analysis Conference, which took place in Nashville, Tennessee, from July 19 – 21, 2023.
Women in Behavior Analysis (WIBA) has the mission to empower, celebrate and mentor women behavior analysts and highlight their contributions to the field.
This year’s conference was a 2-day hybrid event that shattered registration numbers and may go down in history as the best WIBA conference to date!
The top 3 questions the Raven Health team helped to answer at the live event included:
What makes Raven different from the other data collection tools?
What is the most popular page from that snarky coloring book?
Who is Dolly Parton-ish?
What makes Raven different?
It was no surprise for behavior analysts to see another ABA data collection software vendor at an ABA conference. What did surprise the people who we met with at the women in behavior analysis conference was what makes Raven stand apart from the others, including:
Dedicated customer support: Raven Health customers count on our dedicated customer support team to provide comprehensive assistance in optimizing your ABA practice. You can rely on Raven every step of the way.
Intuitive interface: Raven Health’s clean design has been developed from an intense focus on user experience to ensure that each data point is captured seamlessly during sessions.
Clean and accurate data collection: Your ABA session notes are updated in real-time, and are easily shared and visualized using our graphing templates.
Meeting Raven Customers at #WIBA2023 Most meetings with Miguel are held virtually but meeting with our customers (like Dr. Emily Ice) in-person is wayyy more fun!
What is the most popular page from that snarky coloring book?
As an ABA data collection software company, it seemed fitting to run an informal data collection project at our booth. The Raven team put a behavior analyst coloring book on display to gauge feedback from our booth traffic on which of the coloring pages resonated with them the most.
Thank you to those who participated. We shared some good laughs! See the finding below:
The coloring pages with the most votes were:
Nothing surprises me. I’m a behavior analyst.
This behavior analyst needs a drink.
I’m not responsible for what my face does when you talk.
Dolly Parton-ish is a semi-fictional character that was brought to life by Raven Health to celebrate the amazing accomplishments of the female leaders and changemakers at this year’s WIBA conference.
Congratulations to the Women in Behavior Analysis Hall of Fame class of 2023, including:
🤩 Janet Ellis, Ph.D.
🤩 Judith LeBlanc, Ph.D.
🤩 Sigrid Glenn, Ph.D.
🤩 Jan Sheldon, J.D., Ph.D.
🤩 Maria Ruiz, Ph.D.
Conversations at the Raven Health table spanned across countries, generations, companies, and backgrounds. Many people engaging in conversations with folks they had never met before found comradery in sharing their stories about how the true Tennessee native, Dolly Parton, made an impact on their lives at some point.
Some impressive facts about Dolly Parton were shared, including:
Dolly launched Imagination Library in 1995, which has now gifted over 195 million books in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Republic of Ireland.
Dolly owns a theme park, Dollywood, which opened on May 3, 1986. It is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, just a 3-hour drive from Nashville.
The term “A WIBA Dose of Dolly” was coined to fill cups of ambition each morning. Each morning a motivational message was distributed, including a Raven Health favorite:
Taking pictures with the WIBA-famous Dolly Parton-ish, played by the very talented Natasha Neely, was an event highlight for many. A photo booth was set up during the Raven Health networking event on Friday, July 21, 2023, to ensure everyone had pictures to bring home.
The Raven Raffle took place during the networking session. All items (including the fake monstera and disco ball) were claimed by session attendees. Thank you to everyone who participated in the first-ever Raven Raffle!
The Rendezvous with Raven Health networking event prize table was overflowing! Thank you to everyone who participated in the very first Raven Raffle. Check your inbox for a special conference care package 🖤
🎁 P.S.: We have custom conference stickers that were lost in transit. If you want #WIBA2023 stickers please send an email with your mailing address to events@ravenhealth.com and we’ll drop a care package in the mail for you!
In this episode we are joined by long-time behavior analyst and former CEO of APBA, Dr. Gina Green. Tune in today to learn more about her incredible career and where she sees our field going!
Dr. Gina Green received a PhD in Psychology (Analysis of Behavior) from Utah State University in 1986 following undergraduate and master’s degree studies at Michigan State University. She has been a faculty member in Behavior Analysis and Therapy at Southern Illinois University; Director of Research at the New England Center for Children in Southborough, Massachusetts; Associate Scientist at the E.K. Shriver Center for Mental Retardation in Waltham, Massachusetts; Research Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School; a Lecturer in Public Health and Special Education at San Diego State University; a consultant in private practice; and Chief Executive Officer of the Association of Professional Behavior Analysts.
She has authored numerous publications on the treatment of individuals with developmental disabilities and brain injuries as well as the experimental analysis of behavior. Dr. Green co-edited the books Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism and Making a Difference: Behavioral Intervention for Autism and is a co-author of Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research and Practice (4″‘ ed). with James M. Johnston and Henry S. Pennypacker. She serves or has served on the editorial boards of several professional journals in developmental disabilities and behavior analysis and the advisory boards of several autism programs and organizations as well as the B.F. Skinner Foundation. She is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst-Doctoral, former president of the Association for Behavior Analysis and the California Association for Behavior Analysis, a former member of the Board of Directors of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, a founding Director of the Association of Professional Behavior Analysts, and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Council for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health, and the Association for Behavior Analysis.
